香港水母種類信息
香港物種
漁農自然護理署（漁護署）記錄了在香港水域發現的六種水母，它們分別是：Cyanea nozakii，Mastigias papua，Aurelia aurita，Stomolophus meleagris，Pelagia panopyra（noctiluca）和Acromitus flagellatus。每個物種的信息如下。每個物種還有很多未知的地方，所以每個人的貢獻都可以算！
在香港水域中很可能有分佈於世界各地的許多物種。幫助HKJP找到它們並報告您的發現！
©陳瑞華（Ryan Yue Wah Chan）
Cyanea nozakii-通用名-幽靈水母
這種浮游魚類遍布印度洋-西太平洋：中國，日本和緬甸，泰國西部和印度尼西亞西部[1,2]。這種中型到大型美杜莎通常是乳白色至淺棕色，通常在20至30厘米之間，儘管可以達到120厘米。儘管鮮有關於囊內線蟲囊的報導，但目前對其鮮食和刺痛知之甚少。
©楊
Mastigias papua-通用名-巴布亞斑點水母
從日本到印度洋和紅海，整個西太平洋地區都可以發現這種中等大小的物種。它可以長到8厘米寬，並且發現有多種顏色組合，從藍綠色到棕綠色，帶有白色斑點[1]。它包含共生蟲黃藻，可以從中獲取能量，因此可以進行diel垂直遷移[2]。它還消耗浮游動物，浮游植物，小型無脊椎動物和微生物[2]。
©米莉·巴斯登（Millie Basden）
Aurelia aurita-通用名稱-月亮水母
該屬具有不同的形式，在世界範圍內可能是不同的物種，但很難區分。它是世界上最常見的水母種類之一。 Aurita的最大寬度可達40厘米，顏色從白色，玫瑰色到淡藍色甚至無色。刺痛是如此溫和，以至於常常感覺不到。該物種以浮游動物和魚類幼蟲為食[1]。它為捕食魚類和甲殼類動物提供脂肪酸和大量營養素[2]。已知在夏季會形成大群。
1個
©理查德·斯托瓦
Stomolophus meleagris-通用名稱-砲彈水母
在東南亞目擊該物種的可能性很可能已與其他物種不符[1]。這種中等大小的物種可以長到18厘米寬，呈乳黃色或藍色，導致鈴鐺的邊緣變黃。它以浮游動物為食，並被海龜和太陽魚捕食[1]。儘管早前有更多資料將其分佈在美洲範圍內，但莫頓和莫頓（Morton and Morton，1983）的《香港海岸生態學》最早記錄了香港的海象。
Pelagia panopyra（夜蛾屬） -
P. panopyra-俗名海蕁麻。 P. noctiluca的俗名-Mauve Stinger
P. panopyra物種被認為值得懷疑，很可能是夜蛾P. noctiluca [4]。這種小型的水生食心蟲的直徑為5-10厘米，以co足類，魚卵和浮游動物為食[1]。受到干擾時會產生生物發光。這種水母的刺痛可能很強。
©娜奧米·布森（Naomi Bousson）
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
Other species known to be present in Hong Kong waters
These species have been observed in Hong Kong waters by citizen scientists who shared their sightings with the Hong Kong Jellyfish Project. Some of these species are not considered "true" jellyfish (medusa with bell), but are included in a broader definition of "jellyfish" in Brotz el al. (2012). Their definition of ‘‘'jellyfish' refers to gelatinous zooplankton that include medusae of the phylum Cnidaria (scyphomedusae, hydromedusae, cubomedusae, and siphonophores) and planktonic members of the phylum Ctenophora" [7].
Please let the HKJP know about any jellyfish you see to add to this record!!
Scyphozoa - There are around 200 described jellyfish species in the class Scyphozoa or "true jellyfish". This number is changing as the study of jellyfish genetics is updating their taxonomy and more species are being discovered. Sometimes what researchers once thought of as a single species may be divided into many more species.
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
Ctenophora - Comb jellies are not considered "true jellyfish", however a included in the general "jellyfish" or "gelatinous plankton" groups. Comb jellies have lines of cilia (hairs) that they use for locomotion. Ctenophores can be found in all oceans of the world. Of around 150+ species of ctenophores, only three have been regularly reported in Hong Kong. They are difficult to see clearly and identify, also showing up in large groups that could obscure different species.
Josy Lai
Beroe sp. - common name: comb jellyfish
This species is cosmopolitan, found throughout the world's oceans from shallow to deep water. It does not sting and envelopes its prey within its cavity to consume it. Comb jellies are bioluminescent. Fairly common in Hong Kong, especially in spring, and shows up with large numbers.
Janice Ma
Pleurobrachia globosa - common name: Sea gooseberry
Pleurobrachia globosa can be found around the Western Pacific. Their distinctive feature is the two long trailing tentacles they use to capture prey by swirling in loops. It can be found in high abundance in Chinese seas [18]. The abundance and distribution of P. globosa in Hong Kong is unknown.
Josy Lai
Ocyropsis crystallina
This species is one of the lobed ctenophores. Normally used for feeding, the lobes can also be used to propel the ctenophore away from predators [19]. Its abundance and distribution in Hong Kong is unknown.
Cubozoa - There are approximately 50 species of cubozoans world-wide, though new ones are being added, such as Tripedalia maipoensis, a new Cubozoan species described in 2023, found in Hong Kong! There is little known about other box jellyfish in Hong Kong waters, though citizen scientists submitted sightings of two other box jellyfish species in 2021 and 2022.
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
©HKJP
Acromitus flagellatus-通用名-河水母
這種中等規模的鱗莖水母，鐘形長達12厘米[1]，遍布印度洋西部至太平洋中部[3]。它可以在紅樹林和河口發現[2]。
Hydrozoa - Of the 3700 species of hydrozoans, only just over 60 of them have been recorded in Hong Kong’s waters. They tend to be smaller in size and can be difficult to spot for citizen scientists. They come in an amazing variety of different body types and arrangements. Check out some of the great diversity of the class that can be found in Hong Kong!
Two common hydrozoa are below:
Dennis Leung
Aequorea spp. [10] - common name: Crystal jellyfish
These hydromedusa can range in size from a couple of centimeters to 10 cm across or larger, depending on species. It can be difficult to identify species of Aequorea accurately due to overlapping variability in their morphology. One species of Aequorea was used to synthesize a Green Fluorescent Protein which is used in biomedical research. They are naturally bioluminescent. There are three species of crystal jellyfish recorded in Hong Kong waters - A. macrodactylus (photo), A. pensilis, A. parva [9].
HKJP
Porpita porpita - common name: Blue button
This is a colonial hydroid, meaning that it is made up of individual zooids, all performing different tasks. It can be found around the world in warmer tropical and sub-tropical waters. Porpita porpita is a frequent visitor to Hong Kong, usually washing up in very large numbers. Mild to negligible sting.
Many hydrozoans are very small, under a few centimeters and are very difficult to see. A big thank you to the blackwater divers who have spotted these hydrozoans and shared their photos with the HKJP!
Liriope tetraphylla
Photo: Dickson Wong
Aglaura hemistoma
Photo: Wai Hong Yiu
Solmundella bitentaculata
Photo: Wai Hong Yiu
Leuckartiara octonema
Photo: Atim Lau
Amphinema rugosum
Photo: Atim Lau
Siphonophores are not "true" jellyfish (Scyphozoa), however are frequently included in the larger general category of "gelatinous plankton". They are a separate Order under the Class Hydrozoa and like some other Hydrozoans, they are composed of individual zooids that perform specialized functions, working together to form a colony. There are approximately 175 species of siphonophores in the world, though only a few of them have been spotted in Hong Kong waters.
Physalia physalis
Photo: Andrew Bridle
Agalma okenii
Photo: Wai Hong Yiu
Muggiaea atlantica
Photo: Wai Hong Yiu
Forskalia cf. tholoides
Photo: Atim Lau
Rhizophysa sp.
Photo: Wai Hong Yiu
References:
1. Jarms, G. & Morandini, A.C. (2019). World Atlas of Jellyfish. Dölling und Galitz Verlag, 816p.
2. SeaLifeBase (2020). Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.sealifebase.se/search.php
3. Souza, M., & Dawson, M. (2018). Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species. Zootaxa, 4457, 520–536. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4457.4.2
4. Zhang, 张姝 Shu, Zhang, 张芳 Fang, Liu, 刘媛 Yuan, & Cui, 崔朝霞 Zhao-Xia. (2009). Molecular identification of two macro-jellyfish in China. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 40(1), 8.
5. Collins, A. G.; Jarms, G.; Morandini, A. C. (2020a). World List of Scyphozoa. Acromitus flagellatus (Maas, 1903). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=220489 on 2020-12-06
6. Collins, A. G.; Jarms, G.; Morandini, A. C. (2020b). World List of Scyphozoa. Pelagia panopyra Péron & Lesueur, 1810. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=220477 on 2020-12-06
7. Brotz, L., Cheung, W., Kleisner, K., Pakhomov, E., & Pauly, D. (2012). Increasing jellyfish populations: Trends in Large Marine Ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 690, 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1039-7
8. Claudia Mills. https://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Ctenophores.html
9. Schuchert, P. (2021). World Hydrozoa Database. Aequorea Péron & Lesueur, 1810. Accessed through: Astudillo, J. C.; Williams, G. A.; Leung, K. M. Y.; Cannicci, S.; Yasuhara, M.; Yau, C.; Qiu, J-W.; Ang, P. O.; To, A. W. L.; Shea, S. K. H. (Eds.) (2021) Hong Kong Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/hkrms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=116998 on 2021-11-23
10. Claudia Mills https://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Aequorea.html
11. Morandini, A., & Marques, A. C. (2010). Revision of the genus Chrysaora Péron & Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). Zootaxa, 2464(2464), 1–97.
12. Omori, M., & Kitamura, M. (2004). Taxonomic review of three Japanese species of edible jellyfish (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Plankton Biology and Ecology, 51(1), 36–51.
13. Ricca, P. M. C., & Cheung, H. C. A. (2021). Sighting of the rare jellyfish Anomalorhiza shawi Light, 1921 in a marine protected area of Hong Kong. Check List, 17(2), 701–707. https://doi.org/10.15560/17.2.701
14. Chuan, C., Venmathi Maran, B. A., Yap, T. K., Cheong, K. C., Syed Hussein, M. A., Saleh, E., & shau hwai, T. (2020). First record of jellyfish Anomalorhiza shawi Light, 1921 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) and its associated organisms in Sabah, Malaysia. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 101232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101232
15. Terenzini, J., & Falkenberg, L. J. (2022). First records of the jellyfishes Thysanostoma loriferum (Ehrenberg, 1837) and Netrostoma setouchianum (Kishinouye, 1902) in Hong Kong waters. Check List, 18(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.15560/18.2.357
16. Ohtsuka, S., Kondo, Y., Iwasaki, S., & Hayashi, K. (2011). Caridean shrimps associated with the rhizostome jellyfish Netrostoma setouchiana in the central part of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan (in Japanese). Bulletin of the Hiroshima University Museum, 3, 1–6.
17. http://www.cqvip.com/qk/90949a/201501/663912121.html
18. Wang, S., Zhang, G., Zhou, K., & Sun, S. (2020). Long-term population variability and reproductive strategy of a northward expanded ctenophore Pleurobrachia globosa Moser, 1903 in a temperate bay, China. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 533, 151457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2020.151457
19. Gemmell, B. J., Colin, S. P., Costello, J. H., & Sutherland, K. R. (2019). A ctenophore (comb jelly) employs vortex rebound dynamics and outperforms other gelatinous swimmers. Royal Society Open Science, 6(3), 181615. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181615
20. Sun, Y., Tsui, J. H. Y., Wong, R. T. H., Cheung, R. N. C., Ng, M. K. P., Or, C. K. M., & Qiu, J.-W. (2023). A New Species of Box Jellyfish (Cnidaria: Tripepalidae: Tripedalia) from Hong Kong, China. Zoological Studies, 62(17). https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-17
21. Kingsford, M., Schlaefer, J., & Morrissey, S. (2021). Population Structures and Levels of Connectivity for Scyphozoan and Cubozoan Jellyfish. Diversity, 13(4), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13040174